{"id":754,"date":"2020-04-07T14:38:08","date_gmt":"2020-04-07T14:38:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:9999\/rec\/9-pirstoutunut-maailma\/"},"modified":"2020-09-07T07:49:50","modified_gmt":"2020-09-07T07:49:50","slug":"9-a-fragmented-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus.fi\/en\/9-a-fragmented-world\/","title":{"rendered":"9. A fragmented world"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;youtube.com\/watch?v=KwQXAEih7Es&#8221; thumbnail_overlay_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.6)&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; src__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the video we learned what fragmentation is and why it is a problem.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The clip comes with subtitles in English. Just click play, select the gear icon on the lower right and select subtitles in English.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;-2px|||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;2px||0px|||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><b>Read more about habitat fragmentation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Read more about how climate change can be especially threatening to species living in fragmented habitats.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Research article that shows weather becoming more uniform across \u00c5land, and examines what this might mean for a butterfly species.<\/b><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/gcb.14280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Original article<\/a> \u2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/en\/news\/life-science\/uniform-weather-conditions-across-the-aland-islands-threaten-the-glanville-fritillary\">Read more<\/a><br \/>\n<small>Kahilainen, A. ym. 2018: Metapopulation dynamics in a changing climate: Increasing spatial synchrony in weather conditions drives metapopulation synchrony of a butterfly inhabiting a fragmented landscape. Global Change Biology 24: 4316-4329. DOI: 10.1111\/gcb.14280.<\/small><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Messages from islands: Ilkka Hanski\u2019s book about islands and what they have taught us about ecology.<\/b><br \/>\n<small>Hanski, I. 2007. Viestej\u00e4 saarilta. Miksi luonnon monimuotoisuus hupenee? Gaudeamus. ISBN 978-952-495-026-8.<\/small><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#fdfdfd&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span><b>Find out<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3>The metapopulation game: simulate life in a fragmented population for yourself<\/h3>\n<p><span>The dynamics of fragmented populations can be simulated on a computer, but it\u2019s much more fun to simulate it for yourself in the schoolyard. In the metapopulation game you are either a butterfly who has to move from patch to patch and find a mate who is not too closely related, or a parasitic wasp who tries to catch the butterfly between patches, or a patch controller who keeps the number of butterflies in a patch below the maximum number that will fit on it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text module_class=&#8221;tehtava-checklist&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4>Metapopulation game<\/h4>\n<p>This game simulates the workings of a metapopulation, i.e. a set of connected local populations living in a fragmented habitat. The game is inspired by the life of the Glanville fritillary butterfly, which lives in the dry meadows of \u00c5land. <\/p>\n<h5>Equipment<\/h5>\n<p>You need a playfield where you can mark the patches: a gravel or dirt surface is best. On a grass field you can mark the patches with ropes, or simply stand closely around the patch controller. In this case you need to clearly mark the patch controller with the maximum number of butterflies that can be in their patch at one time. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-1\" name=\"1-1\" value=\"1-1\" \/><br \/>\n<label for=\"1-1\">Make a card for each butterfly, with 5-7 different colours showing the different genotypes and the shapes showing the sex of the butterfly. Make 10 of each colour, 5 males an 5 females. Each patch controller takes all the cards of a colour, and at the start of the game distributes them to the butterflies starting on their patch. <\/label><\/li>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-2\" name=\"1-2\" value=\"1-2\" \/><br \/>\n<label for=\"1-2\">Each patch controller (5-7) and parasitoid wasp (1-3) will need a pencil.<\/label><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Players and assistants <\/h5>\n<p>Ideally at least 20 people in total. 5-7 patch controllers, 1-3 predators and\/or parasitoid wasps. The rest of the players are butterflies. <\/p>\n<h5>Setting up<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-3\" name=\"1-3\" value=\"1-3\" \/><br \/>\n<label for=\"1-3\">Draw 5-7 patches on the playfield. The patches are of different sizes and at different distances from each other. Each patch is divided into sectors like a pizza, and the number of sectors is the maximum number of butterflies that can be on the patch at one time. This number is the carrying capacity of the patch. The carrying capacity of a large patch could be 8, and a small one 2. The whole game has more patch sectors than butterflies. <\/label><\/li>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-4\" name=\"1-4\" value=\"1-4\" \/><br \/>\n<label for=\"1-4\">Make the initial division: the patch controllers go to their own patches and the butterflies settle each in their own sector in a patch of their own choosing. One patch is left entirely empty. The patch controller distributes the cards to the butterflies in their patch so that half the butterflies are males and half are females. The predators and parasitoid wasps can start anywhere as long as they don\u2019t enter the patches. Now the game can begin \u2013 all the players start at the same time. <\/label><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Course of the game<\/h5>\n<p>The game is played by male and female butterflies, and their goal is to maximise their lifetime reproduction, represented by the total of the points on their card. Each butterfly starts with an empty card, with the colour showing its genotype and the shape showing its sex. The game starts with full inbreeding, meaning that each patch only contains a single genotype. Each butterfly can only mate ten times, and crossbred matings are worth more points than inbred matings. However, to achieve a crossbred mating the butterfly has to move to another patch, which has its own risks.<\/p>\n<p>When a male and female are on the same patch and both want to mate together, they are free to mate at any time. To mate, they show their cards to the patch controller, who marks both their cards with mating points: 2 points for crossbred mating (different coloured cards) and 1 point for inbred matings (same coloured cards). The same pair can only mate once, and then at least one of them must change patches before they can mate again. Butterflies that get caught by predators or use up all their ten matings die and move off the playfield. The game continues until all butterflies have either been killed or have mated ten times. <\/p>\n<h5>Dispersal and mortality<\/h5>\n<p>To achieve crossbreeding, or when a patch goes extinct, butterflies have to move between patches (disperse). This is done by simply running to a free sector in another patch. There are two kinds of danger between the patches: predators and parasitoid wasps. Both try to catch butterflies between patches but are not allowed to enter the patches. Predators kill the butterfly by touching it, which puts them out of the game. The touch of a parasitic wasp means that the wasp gets to cross out the butterfly\u2019s most recent mating points, and one of that butterfly\u2019s ten matings is thus lost. (In nature parasitic wasps lay their eggs in the eggs or larvae of butterflies and kill them.) <\/p>\n<h5>Local extinctions<\/h5>\n<p>The size of a patch affects the likelihood that it will go entirely extinct. At certain intervals (for instance as many minutes apart as there are sectors in the patch), the patch goes extinct. To show extinction, the patch controller raises their arm, tells all the butterflies to get out of the patch and holds their arm up for 30 seconds. For as long as the arm is raised, the patch is closed to butterflies.<\/p>\n<h5>Goal of the game<\/h5>\n<p>The winner of the game is the butterfly with the highest mating point total. Try out different strategies (staying put safely and getting low value inbred matings, versus going out for valuable crossbreeding with an increased risk of premature death). Between games you can think up new rules or adjust the sizes and locations of patches, and see how that affects the game. You can also try increasing or reducing predators and local extinctions. <\/p>\n<h5>Concepts being demonstrated<\/h5>\n<p>\u2022 <em>\u202fFragmentation:<\/em> \u202fpatches<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>Inbreeding and crossbreeding:<\/em> different coloured cards<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>Carrying capacity:<\/em> patch size <\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>Local extinction:<\/em> patch size and extinction frequency<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>Maximising lifetime reproductive output:<\/em> strategies to maximise points gained over the maximum of ten matings<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>Intraspecific competition:<\/em> the fewer sectors there are relative to the number of butterflies, the harder it is to find a free sector<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>Parasitic wasps:<\/em> loss of mating points<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Project on habitat fragmentation<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Analyse real data on the Glanville fritillary butterfly<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Glanville fritillary butterfly has been followed in the \u00c5land islands for years, and a great deal of data has been collected. What can you do with all this information? Try it out with your own dataset.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus-fi.hel5.wp-cloud.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Taplaverkkoperhosdata.xlsx\">Download the data as an excel file here<\/a>. It contains data over 15 years from the dry meadows of northern \u00c5land.<\/p>\n<p>The file has a row for each patch. The columns contain the ID of the patch, patch size, <a href=\"#connectivity\">connectivity<\/a>, the number of years when the butterfly was found in that patch, annual numbers of nests, and the total number of nests over 15 years.<\/p>\n<p>Analyse the data using Excel charts.<\/p>\n<p>With an x-y scatter chart you can examine the effects of factors like connectivity or size on the likelihood of butterfly occurrence (number of years) or the total number of nests.<\/p>\n<p>A line graph can help you see, how the number of nests varies from year to year. Do the lines go up and down together? Can you see an overall trend over the 15-year period?<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#c6f58a&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row module_class=&#8221;next-chapter&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus-fi.hel5.wp-cloud.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10.png&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"10-what-we-can-do\/\"><span class=\"s1\">Chapter 10 <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><a href=\"10-what-we-can-do\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>What we can do<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;connectivity&#8221; module_class=&#8221;popup single&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; da_is_popup=&#8221;on&#8221; da_popup_slug=&#8221;connectivity&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;on&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>Definition: connectivity <\/h3>\n<p>In the study of metapopulations we use different measures to describe how easily a particular patch can receive new immigrants from other patches. In this dataset each patch is given a connectivity value, which takes into account its distances to all the other patches in \u00c5land, weighted with the size of each patch. The closer a neighbouring patch is, the easier it is to get from it to the focal patch, and the bigger it is, the greater its local population and the more butterflies can emigrate from it. <\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The fragmentation of species\u2019 habitats into several separate patches makes species\u2019 lives more difficult in many ways. Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important human-caused threats to biodiversity, but many species have also adapted to life in a naturally fragmented habitat. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":755,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kappaleet-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>9. A fragmented world - Monimuotoisuutta tutkimassa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The fragmentation of species\u2019 habitats into several separate patches makes species\u2019 lives more difficult in many ways. 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