{"id":774,"date":"2020-04-07T14:37:04","date_gmt":"2020-04-07T14:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:9999\/rec\/6-lantakuoriaisten-monimuotoisuus\/"},"modified":"2021-08-10T13:11:44","modified_gmt":"2021-08-10T13:11:44","slug":"6-the-biodiversity-of-dung-beetles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus.fi\/en\/6-the-biodiversity-of-dung-beetles\/","title":{"rendered":"6. The biodiversity of dung beetles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||1px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/nB0ZuA-49Yg&#8221; thumbnail_overlay_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.6)&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; src__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the video we learned about the diversity of dung beetles, why they are so diverse, and what they do in nature. We also wake up to the fact that without dung beetles the world would simply be browner.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;-2px|||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;2px||0px|||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>Read more in scientific articles<\/h2>\n<p>Read more in scientific articles that reveal the importance of dung beetles in nature.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><b><strong>National experiment performed by 4H youth, revealing the part that dung beetles play in removing dung from Finnish pastures<\/strong>.<\/b><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1890\/12-1165.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Original article<\/a> \u2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sttinfo.fi\/tiedote\/vapaaehtoiset-ja-tutkijat-selvittivat-mika-hajottaa-lehman-lannan?publisherId=3747&amp;releaseId=9397583\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Summary<\/a><br \/>\n<small>Kaartinen, R., Hardwick, B. &amp; Roslin, T. 2013. Using citizen scientists to measure an ecosystem service nationwide. Ecology 94: 2645-2652.<\/small><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Review article on the ecosystem services provided by dung beetles.<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320708001420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Original article<\/a>\u00a0\u2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/222553331_Ecological_functions_and_ecosystem_services_provided_by_Scarabaeinae_dung_beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Article in ResearchGate<\/a><br \/>\n<small>Nichols, E., Spector, S., Louzada, J., Larsen, T., Amezquita, S., Favila, M. E., &amp; Network, T. S. R. (2008). Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles. Biological conservation, 141(6), 1461-1474.<\/small><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#fdfdfd&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><b>Find out<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>There are as many dung beetle species in the world as there are bird species: about 10\u00a0000 of each. This means that there are as many dung beetle species living on other species\u2019 feces as there are bird species living in the whole world. Even Finland has a rich dung beetle fauna \u2013 though much less species rich than in the rest of the world.<\/p>\n<p>The number of species found in Finland is affected by two global-level rules: first, that the smaller the surface area, the fewer species (see video 3:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=irX2pfXUUtQ\">Crash course in biodiversity science<\/a>). Second, in most species groups the number of species gets smaller the further you get from the Equator. Third: Finland is a young region: Just 13\u00a0000 years ago our whole country was covered in ice.<\/p>\n<p>But how many dung beetle species does all this come to? Find out for yourself, how these basic rules are reflected in the Finnish dung beetle fauna, and how these Finnish species are doing.<\/p>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text module_class=&#8221;tehtava-checklist&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"p1\">How many dung beetle species can you expect to find in an area the size of Finland?<\/h5>\n<p>In species communities all over the world we see a simple rule: the larger the surface area, the more species. The growth does not continue infinitely, but levels off according to this formula: S=CA<sup>z<\/sup> Here S is the number of species, C is a constant, A is the surface area and z is a parameter whose value varies between 0.15 and 0.4. Find out the land surface areas of the whole world and Finland. If the whole world has 10\u00a0000 species of dung beetles, how many dung beetle species should there be in Finland? Let\u2019s set the value of z at 0.3. The constant C is the number of species that is found in a surface area of 1. You can solve for C by putting the global number of dung beetle species and the world land surface area in the formula above. Remember to use the same unit of surface area in all your calculations (square kilometres recommended).<\/p>\n<h5>How many dung beetle species actually live in Finland?<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><input id=\"1-1\" name=\"1-1\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1-1\" \/><label for=\"1-1\">Now find out,<\/label>\u00a0how many dung beetle species have been found in Finland. Is it more or less than what you expected? If did the calculation above, compare the known number of species to the simplified prediction from theoretical ecology, and try to think of reasons for the discrepancy.<\/li>\n<li><input id=\"1-2\" name=\"1-2\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1-2\" \/>How\u00a0are Finnish dung beetle species doing? Threat level estimates are made regularly for Finnish species according to the instructions of the IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Species are categorized according to their extinction risk level. The general criteria are population size and its reduction or fragmentation, as well as the size and continuity of the specie\u2019s range. The most recent red list is found in https:\/\/punainenkirja.laji.fi (tip: type \u201dlantiainen\u201d, \u201dsitti\u00e4inen\u201d or \u201dsontiainen\u201d in the search box). Find out how many dung beetle species are endangered in Finland, and try to find out why they are in trouble.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>Do your own dung beetle experiment<\/h2>\n<p>Here you get to repeat the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sttinfo.fi\/tiedote\/vapaaehtoiset-ja-tutkijat-selvittivat-mika-hajottaa-lehman-lannan?publisherId=3747&amp;releaseId=9397583\">experiment<\/a> where Finnish researchers and youths found out what part different invertebrate species play in removing dung from Finnish pastures. The same experiment can also be done using e.g. mushrooms. Simply replace the dung pat with mushrooms of a selected species and exclude insects just as the instructions describe. Regardless of whether you used dung or mushroom, your experiment will show how different sized invertebrates drive the decomposition of organic material and the cycling of nutrients.<iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text module_class=&#8221;tehtava-checklist&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>In this project<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><input id=\"1-4\" name=\"1-4\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1-4\" \/>Conduct your own experiment, where you apply the basic research concepts of experimental treatments and replicates.<\/li>\n<li><input id=\"1-5\" name=\"1-5\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1-5\" \/>Use the scientific method to find out what role dung beetles play.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The original instructions of the dung beetle project are\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/foodwebs\/lantakuoriaiset\/2011\/valmistaudu.htm\">here<\/a>. (In Finnish)<\/p>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#c6f58a&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row module_class=&#8221;next-chapter&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus-fi.hel5.wp-cloud.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/7.png&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"7-tunnettu-ja-tuntematon-luonto\/\"><span class=\"s1\">Chapter 7<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><a href=\"7-tunnettu-ja-tuntematon-luonto\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Known and unknown nature<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;yhteenveto-1&#8243; module_class=&#8221;popup single&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; da_is_popup=&#8221;on&#8221; da_popup_slug=&#8221;yhteenveto-1&#8243; da_is_singular=&#8221;on&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>Yhteenveto artikkelista &#8220;Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles&#8221;<\/h3>\n<p>Lantakuoriaisilla on useita ekologisia toimintoja, joista jotkut ovat ihmisille hy\u00f6dyllisi\u00e4 eli ekosysteemipalveluita. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa k\u00e4yd\u00e4\u00e4n l\u00e4pi, mit\u00e4 t\u00e4ll\u00e4 hetkell\u00e4 tiedet\u00e4\u00e4n useista eri toiminnoista: ovatko ne todellisia ja miten merkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 lantakuoriaiset ovat niille.<\/p>\n<p>Lantakuoriaisten ekologisia toimintoja ovat ravinteiden kierto, maa-aineksen sekoittaminen, kasvien kasvun edist\u00e4minen, kasvien siementen hautaaminen, loisten hillitseminen, loisten levitt\u00e4minen, k\u00e4rp\u00e4sten hillitseminen, ja joskus jopa saalistus ja p\u00f6lytt\u00e4minen. Lantakuoriaisten tuottamia ekosysteemipalveluita taas on arvoitu l\u00e4hinn\u00e4 karjatalouden kannalta. Kuoriaisten merkityst\u00e4 viljelylle ja mets\u00e4taloudelle ei ole juuri tutkittu.<\/p>\n<p>Ihmisten toiminta uhkaa lantakuoriaisia koko maailmassa trooppisen mets\u00e4kadon, maank\u00e4yt\u00f6n muutoksen ja pirstoutumisen my\u00f6t\u00e4. Erityisesti V\u00e4limeren alueella laidunten metsitt\u00e4minen ja muuttaminen tehoviljelyalueiksi sek\u00e4 tiettyjen loisl\u00e4\u00e4kkeiden k\u00e4ytt\u00f6 karjassa n\u00e4kyv\u00e4t lantakuoriaisten voimakkaana v\u00e4henemisen\u00e4.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/222553331_Ecological_functions_and_ecosystem_services_provided_by_Scarabaeinae_dung_beetles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Linkki artikkeliin ResearchGatessa<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320708001420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Linkki artikkeliin julkaisijan sivulla<\/a><\/p>\n<p><small>Nichols, E., Spector, S., Louzada, J., Larsen, T., Amezquita, S., Favila, M. E., &amp; Network, T. S. R. (2008). Ecological functions and ecosystem services<br \/>\nprovided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles. Biological conservation, 141(6), 1461-1474. DOI: 10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.04.011<\/small><\/p>\n<p><iframe id=\"fskey-iframe\" class=\"fskey-autofill-dlg\" style=\"display: none;\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"fskey-tooltip\" class=\"fskey-tooltip\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dung beetles provide a window into biodiversity, while also clearly demonstrating the connection between the diversity of nature and its functioning. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":775,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kappaleet"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>6. 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