{"id":780,"date":"2020-04-07T14:36:45","date_gmt":"2020-04-07T14:36:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:9999\/rec\/5-mikrobien-nakymaton-monimuotoisuus\/"},"modified":"2021-09-07T10:54:14","modified_gmt":"2021-09-07T10:54:14","slug":"5-the-hidden-biodiversity-of-microbes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus.fi\/en\/5-the-hidden-biodiversity-of-microbes\/","title":{"rendered":"5. The hidden biodiversity of microbes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MpofUXVgmNE&#8221; thumbnail_overlay_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.6)&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; src__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the video we learned about the current state of knowledge about the diversity and important of microbes, new scientific methods, and the way microbes have been studied in Finnish nature.<\/p>\n<p><small>The clip comes with subtitles in English. Just click play, select the gear icon on the lower right and select subtitles in English.<\/small><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;-2px|||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;2px||0px|||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><b>Read more about the biodiversity of microbes<\/b><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Read more about Finnish scientific studies that shed light on the diversity of microbes in nature and its importance for humans.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Diversity of viruses of Plantago in \u00c5land islands.<\/b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/6140\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Orignal article<\/a> \u2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/yle.fi\/uutiset\/3-10293922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yle news article on the research (in Finnish)<\/a><br \/><small>Susi H, Filloux D, Frilander MJ, Roumagnac P, Laine A. 2019. Diverse and variable virus communities in wild plant populations revealed by metagenomic tools. PeerJ 7:e6140 DOI:10.7717\/peerj.6140<\/small><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Skin microbiota differs in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments <\/b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Original article<\/a> \u2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/yle.fi\/uutiset\/3-9704771\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yle news article on the research (in Finnish)<\/a><br \/><small>Lehtim\u00e4ki, J., ym. 2017. Patterns in the skin microbiota differ in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 45651. DOI:10.1038\/srep45651<\/small><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#fdfdfd&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span><b>Find out<br \/> <\/b><\/span><span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Micorbes are difficult to see, and the most modern methods that scientists use to see them are so far only available to professional laboratories. But good oll petri dish culturing is still a good way to see microbes. To see the how microbe communities work, we can use computer simulations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text module_class=&#8221;tehtava-checklist&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>How fast do bacteria reproduce?<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>The speed at which bacteria reproduce is due to their ability to divide. One cell divides into two, which divide into four and so on. This is called exponential growth. Imagine that a single bacterial cell is transferred from your phone screen to your finger, and from there to your nose. The nose is a perfect environment. Now the cell divides every 20 minutes. How many bacteria are there in your nose 24 hours later? How long does it take to get to a million bacteria?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-1\" name=\"1-1\" value=\"1-1\" \/><label for=\"1-1\">Work it out with a calculator or<a href=\"https:\/\/media.hhmi.org\/biointeractive\/click\/populationdynamics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> test it out test it out here<\/a>: Choose \u201cExponential\u201d and click the right arrow to get to the exponential growth simulator. You can change the maximum allowed values by changing the settings behind the gear symbol.<\/label><\/li>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-2\" name=\"1-2\" value=\"1-2\" \/><label for=\"1-2\">Why does this not actually end up happening in your nose? Tip: try the option \u201cLogistic\u201d in the same simulation page.<\/label><\/li>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"1-3\" name=\"1-3\" value=\"1-3\" \/><label for=\"1-3\">Ruokatieto.fi<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ruokatieto.fi\/ruokakasvatus\/lupa-kokata-elintarvikehygienian-perusteet\/mikrobiologia\/bakteerien-lisaantymisnopeus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> has a good information package on food safety and microbiology (in Finnish). Why should you keep your food in the refrigerator? How would you examine the effect of cold storage on bacterial growth in the simulation above?<\/label><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Culture microbes in a petri dish<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>You will need petri dishes, which schools can purchase in bulk. The petri dish contains a solid growth medium that is suitable for a lot of different bacteria. In every experiment you will add something to the dish, then replace the lid and incubate the dishes upside down for a few days at +37 degrees Celsius (or as close to that as possible).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"2-1\" name=\"2-1\" value=\"2-1\" \/><label for=\"2-1\"><b>Handwashing experiment:<\/b> On the bottom of the petri dish, draw four sectors and number them 1-4. Touch sector 1 with your fingertip. Wet your hands, shake off most of the water and touch sector 2 with a wet fingertip. Wash your hands with soap, shake off the worst of the suds and touch sector 3 with the wet, soapy hand. Fully wash your hands and dry well with a paper towel, and touch sector 4 with you clean fingertip. Which sector grew the most bacteria? Why?<\/label><\/li>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"2-2\" name=\"2-2\" value=\"2-2\" \/><label for=\"2-2\"><b>Phone versus toilet seat: <\/b> Take a cotton swab and rub it on your phone screen, and then rub that swab gently on the surface of the growth medium without breaking it. Do the same with a toilet seat on another petri dish. Remember to mark which petri dish is which. Which one grew the most bacteria? Try it with several phones and toilets, and also test a disinfected phone and toilet seat.<\/label><\/li>\n<li><input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"2-3\" name=\"2-3\" value=\"2-3\" \/><label for=\"2-3\"><b>Environmental samples: <\/b> Collect small samples of dirt from several different environments from artificial to natural: side of a road, school yard, lawn, park, field edge, forest\u2026 Sprinkle a pinch of each sample thinly over its own petri dish. Make sure to mark which dish is which. Can you see differences in the amount of different kinds of microbes from different environments?<\/label><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||1px|||&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Plant disease herbarium<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Put together a herbarium (a collection of plant samples), focusing on plants that are showing symptoms of plant diseases. When collecting samples, keep a log of the places and dates of collection. Examples of plant disease symptoms can be found e.g.<a href=\"https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luokka:Kasvitaudit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> here <\/a> ja <a href=\"http:\/\/www.diasto.fi\/suomi\/index.php?sivu=20&#038;nimi=Kasvitaudit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>. Look up some photos before you go out collecting, so you have some idea of what you are looking for.<\/p>\n<p>Typical symptoms of fungus infections in plants are growths on the plant surface, colour changes and deformities. Recognising plant diseases is not easy because deformities and colour changes can also be caused by a lack of nutrients \u2013 don\u2019t worry if some of those end up in you collection, too. Don\u2019t be afraid to collect samples that you don\u2019t recognize \u2013 maybe someone else will identify them later!<\/p>\n<p>What did you notice in making the collection? Did you find diseases in particular places? Was there a difference between different diseases \u2013 are some diseases on almost every plant and others only here and there?<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#c6f58a&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row module_class=&#8221;next-chapter&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus-fi.hel5.wp-cloud.dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.png&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"6-lantakuoriaisten-monimuotoisuus\/\"><span class=\"s1\">Chapter 6<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><a href=\"6-lantakuoriaisten-monimuotoisuus\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The biodiversity of dung beetles<\/b><\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;yhteenveto-1&#8243; module_class=&#8221;popup single&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243; da_is_popup=&#8221;on&#8221; da_popup_slug=&#8221;yhteenveto-1&#8243; da_is_singular=&#8221;on&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Popup &#8211; #yhteenveto-1&#8243;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>Yhteenveto artikkelista &#8220;Diverse and variable virus communities in wild plant populations revealed by metagenomic tools&#8221;<\/h3>\n<p>Kasvien sis\u00e4ll\u00e4 ja pinnalla el\u00e4\u00e4 monimuotoinen kokoelma mikrobeja, ja osan niist\u00e4 on patogeenej\u00e4 eli taudinaiheuttajia. Ymm\u00e4rryksemme kasvien patogeeneist\u00e4 viljelyskasveilla ja laboratoriokasveilla on lis\u00e4\u00e4ntynyt viime vuosina uusien sekvensointiteknologioiden my\u00f6t\u00e4, mutta paljon v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n tiedet\u00e4\u00e4n luonnon kasvipatogeeneist\u00e4. Sekvensoimalla kasvin\u00e4ytteest\u00e4 virusten RNAn, voimme nyt l\u00f6yt\u00e4\u00e4 viruksia villeist\u00e4 is\u00e4nt\u00e4kasveista.<\/p>\n<p>Tutkimme hein\u00e4ratamon viruksia Ahvenanmaalla RNA-sekvensoinnin avulla. Ahvenanmaan hein\u00e4ratamo ja sill\u00e4 el\u00e4v\u00e4 t\u00e4pl\u00e4verkkoperhonen ovat olleet vuosikymmenien ajan t\u00e4rke\u00e4 malliyhteis\u00f6, jota tutkijat ovat k\u00e4ytt\u00e4neet monien ekologisten ilmi\u00f6iden tutkimuksessa. Viidest\u00e4 yleisimm\u00e4st\u00e4 l\u00f6yt\u00e4m\u00e4st\u00e4mme viruksesta selvitimme levinneisyytt\u00e4, yhdess\u00e4 tai erikseen esiintymist\u00e4 ja yhteytt\u00e4 n\u00e4kyviin kasvien oireisiin.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00f6ysimme yhden aiemmin tunnetun viruksen lis\u00e4ksi nelj\u00e4 mahdollisesti tieteelle uutta virusta. Tuloksistamme n\u00e4kyy, ett\u00e4 virusten yleisyys ja monimo\u00faotoisuus vaihtelee Ahvenanmaan eri alueiden v\u00e4lill\u00e4. N\u00e4kyv\u00e4sti oirehtivat kasvit kantoivat yleens\u00e4 virusta, mutta viruksia l\u00f6ytyi my\u00f6s oireettomista kasveista.<\/p>\n<p>Jatkotutkimuksissa olisi mielenkiintoista tarkastella, mitk\u00e4 tekij\u00e4t vaikuttavat erilaisiin virusten monimuotoisuustasoihin eri alueiden v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Mahdollisesti l\u00f6yt\u00e4miemme uusien virusten m\u00e4\u00e4rityksen varmistaminen edellytt\u00e4isi niiden koko genomin sekvensointia.\n<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/6140\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Linkki artikkeliin<\/a><\/p>\n<p><small>Susi H, Filloux D, Frilander MJ, Roumagnac P, Laine A. 2019. Diverse and variable virus communities in wild plant populations revealed by<br \/>\nmetagenomic tools. PeerJ 7:e6140 DOI:10.7717\/peerj.6140<\/small><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The more we study the biodiversity of microbes, the more diversity we find and the more important it turns out to be. Microbes are difficult to study because they are invisible to the naked eye, but in recent years technological advances have revolutionised our understanding of microbes. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":781,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-780","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kappaleet"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>5. The hidden biodiversity of microbes - Monimuotoisuutta tutkimassa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The more we study the biodiversity of microbes, the more diversity we find and the more important it turns out to be. Microbes are difficult to study because they are invisible to the naked eye, but in recent years technological advances have revolutionised our understanding of microbes.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/luonnonmonimuotoisuus.fi\/5-mikrobien-nakymaton-monimuotoisuus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"5. The hidden biodiversity of microbes - Monimuotoisuutta tutkimassa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The more we study the biodiversity of microbes, the more diversity we find and the more important it turns out to be. 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